An off-grid photovoltaic system is an autonomous solar energy system that does not rely on the electrical grid. It consists of solar panels that capture sunlight and convert it into electricity, which is then stored in batteries for later use. This type of system is used in areas where there is no access to the electrical grid or where energy independence is desired.

The off-grid system includes the following basic components:

• Solar panels: Capture solar energy and convert it into direct current (DC) electricity.

• Charge controller: Regulates the flow of energy to the batteries to prevent overcharging or deep discharging.

• Batteries: Store the energy generated for use when there is no sunlight, such as at night or on cloudy days.

• Inverter: Converts the direct current (DC) from the batteries into alternating current (AC), which is the form of energy used by most household appliances.

This type of system is ideal for remote homes, off-grid workstations, or situations where connection to the electrical grid is not feasible or is too expensive.